说话人A 00:00 or the different European perspectives about it 说话人A 00:03 and now we're looking at cyberviolence 说话人A 00:10 so thinking about crimes jaywalking we know right now is considered a crime underage drinking illegally downloading a tv show illegally downloading a song lying on your taxes such as under reporting your tips or even just forgetting to report something if you share a prescription medicine with someone else that counts as a crime if you do a rolling stop at a stop sign so you're not doing a full three second stop you just tap your brakes a little bit look around the intersection and keep going also counts as a crime 说话人A 01:03 so one according to one legal scholar whose name is Stephen Carter he would say that about seventy percent of all Americans have probably committed a crime at some point in their lives that could technically lead to a prison sentence and so i guess raise your hand if you are surprised by this statement or is this something that you have already expected 说话人A 01:21 i see some hands raised some head shakes possibly some of you already had an idea about how many minor crimes we actually commit on a pretty regular basis in American society 说话人A 01:26 often when we think about crime we're thinking about violent crime we're thinking about property crime 说话人A 01:38 so violent crime includes things such as armed robbery murder assault rape and so on and so forth while like property crime usually refers to the theft of someone else's property 说话人A 02:10 without any violence involved so thinking about like shoplifting about stealing something and so on and so forth in sociology we often look at what we think of as crime so many people don't think of rolling through a stop sign as deserving of prison time or a school bus stops but they haven't put their stop sign fully out yet so you take your chance to accelerate around them and drive off some people might not necessarily think of that as a crime either so the formal definition when you're thinking about a。 说话人A 02:13 crime is technically just anything that violates the law 说话人A 02:51 going back through history this can include a lot of different things so catching fish with your bare hands in the past it could also include letting your wife drink alcohol on Sundays it can also include any number of homosexual activities that are now no longer criminalized in our society what this shows us is that what we consider to be a crime it really changes over time it changes across our political social and economic circumstances one notable thing that we often discuss is that when we think about crime usually it's the ones that we。 说话人A 02:55 think about as street crime where do we often think about white collar crime 说话人A 02:57 the thing is white collar crime it doesn't make me this much because it's rarely punished one way we can think of this is like looking at marijuana so looking at crime as a social construction if you go across a few state lines in New York city you can get marijuana on any street corner there's a lot of dispensaries there are all licensed it's fully legal for you to obtain marijuana or marijuana related products as you wish in Pennsylvania it's illegal to use it recreationally if you go all the way out to California 说话人A 03:30 in Seattle you could get it in a number of different ways 说话人A 03:36 so the ways in which Marijuana gets gets punished basically a small time dealer a few years before Marijuana was actually legalized they might still be serving out criminal sentences or they may still be on probation from getting caught selling marijuana at the same time we already have stores possibly in the same neighborhoods that these small time dealers are living in that are selling making a lot of money selling marijuana 说话人A 04:03 just fall out and open this is an example of how over time and across different places crime can vary and what we think about as crime also varies so what are some of the most common forms of theft that we can think about of property crimes 说话人A 04:32 is so media piracy so media piracy nowadays is a lot more common but thinking back to ten twenty years ago they actually sued some teenagers for millions of dollars because of the whole piracy act what else counts as like that what commonly comes to mind when you think about 说话人A 05:13 one common thing that might be more relevant to those of you who maybe after you can park on campus is that car theft or the theft of parts of your car which is actually quite common in the neighborhood in New York where i live at one time actually our the pipes of our car got cut off from under the car when it was parked right in front of our house so we have various forms of theft that come to mind so shoplifting you guys if you go to a cvs or any other drug store。 说话人A 05:44 notice when you try to get some of the products 说话人A 05:49 yes 说话人A 05:50 they have like a sensor on it 说话人A 05:51 yes so like you mentioned sometimes they have a sensor on them or they may require you to call employee over to unblock it similar for clothing stores often they have that tag the round little thing plastic thing that you can't get off on your own if you take it past the store sensors it will start blaring and the security guard will come 说话人A 06:13 so those are all common forms of theft in the united states so looking at what the fbi found in the economic policy institution looking at this graph this is mostly looking at the value that is being stolen so not just like how often a crime is being committed but how much financial value is actually being stolen so what do we notice when we're looking at this graph 说话人A 06:45 种族歧视。 说话人A 06:46 嗯。 说话人A 06:47 所以很多，是种族歧视。 说话人A 06:49 嗯。 说话人A 06:49 这是估计，是最大的，多数的，所有的，种族，犯罪，在，美国。 说话人A 06:55 嗯。 说话人A 06:55 更常见的，事情，去想，关于，抢劫和，盗窃，它们实际上，占，非常小的，百分比，在，这。 说话人A 07:01 嗯。 说话人A 07:04 所以，有人，熟悉，跟，what，种族歧视，是。 说话人A 07:45 and so this is a infographic that a labor union actually made to educate workers on often when we think of wage theft what we might think of is like a boss who's like i'm not gonna pay you your wages but sometimes it can be more subtle than that it can be a boss who refuses to pay their workers it can also be someone who refuses to pay overtime even after asking workers to work overtime it can also include asking workers to continue working off the clock so technically if a。 说话人A 07:51 boss texts you after you have already clocked out and they ask you to come back and do something but you don't get paid for it 说话人A 07:52 and you don't clock in that's also wage theft if you get tipped if there's a tipping system but you're not the one who's getting the tip also wage theft or if you're not receiving your full meal break or your full rest break it's not just saying like oh i'm not gonna give you a meal break or a rest break but not giving you the full time as mandated by state laws which can be problematic because sometimes state laws differ but if you're not receiving the full break technically that。 说话人A 08:20 is wage theft so wage theft occurs when the report when the employer 说话人A 08:26 underpays the employee and also doesn't record this time time they're hiring someone to federal tax authorities 说话人A 08:35 so has anyone in any of your jobs actually encountered wage theft before even if you didn't necessarily recognize it as such during the time 说话人A 08:53 but these are just cool tips to keep in mind when you do get a job to keep if you notice any of this it's actually something that you can file complaints with the labor board and if someone tries to fire you for filing a complaint that counts as retaliation so make sure to keep your documentation in place because retaliation is also illegal 说话人A 09:17 there's also the question of who ends up committing crime and so what we often find is that we may expect violent crime to be almost randomize in some cases 说话人A 09:29 when people think about like crime in large cities it seems to be almost at random as if just randomly anyone is going to get attacked on the street 说话人A 09:38 but thinking back to social network analysis so some scholars who conducted a social network analysis of all violent crime in inner city neighborhoods what they found is that usually a large portion of all crimes is committed by a small network of people 说话人A 09:54 who are connected in this certain way so when we say connected that can include ties of violence so one person shoots another person's friend and then that friend's family member or other friend wants to seek revenge and ends up hitting a passerby who is also related in this neighborhood so these are often ways in which it can happen that being said it doesn't mean that all neighborhoods with poverty or with who are very under resource do end up involved with criminal networks or with violent crime 说话人A 10:27 what we see is that the stronger the social connections within a neighborhood or within a community the less crime that we end up seeing especially violent crime and if we're looking at the statistics for crime what we find is that men tend to commit the majority of violent crimes they make up eighty one percent of violent crime perpetrators as well as sixty three percent of all property crimes so property crimes again are like theft 说话人A 10:53 burglaries car thefts and so on and so forth 说话人A 10:59 it's predominantly committed by young people and again we're thinking predominantly about violent crime and property crime not necessarily white collar criminals we also find that it tends to occur in cities and that it tends to be in under resourced neighborhoods so predominantly people who are living below the poverty line what this doesn't necessarily explain is that it doesn't necessarily explain white collar criminals because if we're looking at who is committing crime there's an argument to be made that it's primarily individuals 说话人A 11:32 for living in some degree of deprivation that you're being deprived of certain resources while color criminals don't necessarily fit this mold and it's something that we continue to look at including state crimes so who actually gets held liable if a government commits crimes that's so in the United States but looking at other governments around the world if your government is conducting a genocide or if it is conducting ethnic cleansing against members of your population and so on and so forth then who actually gets held liable 说话人A 12:06 and when is does it become considered income 说话人A 12:15 so now we're just going to look a little bit at violence when we think about crime and deviance violence is often one of the first things that come to mind and so we can start off by looking at this particular graph so looking at this graph what are some things that we notice 说话人A 12:47 sorry crime rates were at its highest point in the nineteen nineties 说话人A 12:51 hmm great so we see like crime especially violent crime here we're looking very specifically at people who are committing violent crime it went all the way up throughout the nineteen nineties and from the nineteen sixties all the way to the nineteen nineties and then we started seeing this pretty drastic drop so our news cycle talks a lot about the violent incidents that occur but if we're looking at the actual numbers the amount of violent crime has continued to go down over time 说话人A 13:21 that is until the Covid-19 pandemic and so why do we think that during the Covid-19 pandemic why might crime rates have actually gone down slightly 说话人A 14:00 3 so the ways in which we have in the past to look at theories a lot of different theories connect crime to lack of social cohesion lack of social connection covid social isolation for everyone even if you're in public you have to be six feet apart and you never really know who might infect you or your family the atmosphere this creates can definitely contribute to feelings of loneliness or disconnectedness and thus crime and what else might come to mind 说话人A 14:40 嗯。 说话人A 14:41 嗯。 说话人A 15:01 creates so economic conditions that create broader disparities across society 说话人A 15:08 and another thing during covid where was everybody 说话人A 15:17 great so everyone was inside right except for frontline workers people were asked to stay in doors especially during the lockdown so where might violent crime come from in that context 说话人A 15:31 yes great i think 说话人A 15:37 freedom to do whatever they want i kind of did make some cases when i was in a different class where it was comparing like this time that i've got and it was like very positive and i was like how do people see that freedom and see opportunity to take it because they have no other way of having their emotions or their distrust in the government so we see both increased social distrust distrust of the government as well as this feeling that really push them to some of these three points over here yes right 说话人A 16:10 there's also like a higher use of social media or rather also like video games specifically more violent ones 说话人A 16:17 video games so that can you know encourage more violence 说话人A 16:21 we especially multiplayer games with violence which might actually create some if you're looking at how violent crime tends to be connected via social networks there's a way in which we can argue that these networks digital networks over video games and violent video games can create a similar type of structure another thing is domestic violence 说话人A 16:50 so domestic violence actually did go up during Covid-19 because you literally couldn't leave a lot of shelters were closed and it was very difficult to travel and also probably made this to travel for a lot of people which means that it can be a lot more difficult for people in difficult situations to get away but that's not the only reason why we see crime rates go up so one thing about crime rates is that it's a statistic for statistics it depends on how you count things 说话人A 17:22 so what we see here is prior to two thousand and twenty one the fbi used a different sort of database that automatically collects all the violent incidents within each county and within each police department in two thousand and twenty and two thousand and twenty one they were actually undergoing a shift in terms of which system to use which means that some crimes that formerly may not have been counted in the broader database also became incorporated so we have multiple factors all contributing to these 说话人A 17:54 to the small in optic that we do see during the covid pandemic 说话人A 18:02 that being said the United States is considered a first world nation and a developed nation but we are often considered well it's not considered so by fact we actually are a lot more violent than other countries that have a similar gdp per person so in other countries where the individuals within a country on average can enjoy a similar lifestyle to citizens in the United States they actually have a lot lower violent crime and so in the United states we have multiple factors at play some people would argue that there's a prevalence of guns as。 说话人A 18:38 well as just a historical culture of violence 说话人A 18:41 that America has always been kind of violent if you're looking to our early days as well as western settlers and expansions as well as clashes with native americans as well as high inequality which can lead to what some people call relative deprivation so relative deprivation is that your life might actually might not be necessarily absolute poverty so you're not necessarily living in the worst conditions but you see other people who are doing a lot better sometimes you feel like they don't necessarily deserve to do better 说话人A 19:15 creates what we can call a sense of relative deprivation and this is even considering that American violent crime has continuously been falling over time 说话人A 19:27 there's multiple reasons for this as well some people argue it's because people drink less so less alcohol that means less impairment of judgment people are less likely to do stupid things some people also argue it's because the criminal justice system kept expanding from the nineteen sixties so by the nineteen nineties a lot of the people who might cause violent crimes were being arrested at high rates which means that they were less likely to be out on 说话人A 19:54 streets including crime another interesting thing is lead so less lead exposure as well as less chemicals harmful chemicals in our water supply and so on and so forth so if anyone is into true crime podcasts then you might find that a lot of serial killers the places where they grew up they often had like a lot of chemical chemicals being deposited nearby as well as a lot of lead which could impair their judgment just in their everyday surroundings 说话人A 20:29 we have really no one explanation for why these things are true similarly in the United States we don't really have a way to look at this there's no one explanation for why we have higher crime rates and far higher violent crime rates than pretty much any country of similar development and one of the most exemplary examples of this is school shootings which are a lot less common in pretty much any other developed country in the world 说话人A 21:01 so just based off what you guys have heard or like what you have seen in the media what are some reasons that school shootings occur in the united states 说话人A 21:17 好的。 说话人A 21:26 he was getting bullied and he wanted to be seen and was like very sad 说话人A 21:32 ok。 说话人A 21:33 so，there's a way in which it stems from certain patterns in our social structures and how we interact with characters so，in some cases，it can be bullying Haley also mentioned a great point here，is to urge to be seen and that's also why some people argue that we really should stop putting the actual shooters in the media，cause every time a school shooting occurs，what tends to happen about the shooter 说话人A 22:01 like they're a lot of attention 说话人A 22:02 great and they get a lot of attention they interview their parents their ex-girlfriends their ex-boyfriends in some cases their childhood teachers neighbors you get all this media coverage everyone trying to dig into the mind of this individual trying to figure out why they may have done this Australia actually implemented laws where if you commit a mass shooting there's not gonna be any information on you in the media it's gonna be very limited information and you get referred to by a number 说话人A 22:33 so what this actually does is it reduces certain incentives for individuals who want to make a statement or individuals who want to escape 说话人A 22:51 研究。 说话人A 22:58 是的。 说话人A 23:01 对。 说话人A 23:29 yes yes the two thousand and twelve sandy hook shooting is actually a great example of this there are sometimes bullying and the student like this person who committed the shooting is actually a student in Sandy hook the perpetrator was a twenty something year old who went to an elementary school so there's not really a strong connection that you can draw between maybe some past bullying experience where basically anyone who may have been a part of that bullying has long since graduated this person wasn't going to the workplaces of his former bullies 说话人A 24:00 he wasn't necessarily going to the houses of his former teachers or anyone who might have been considered responsible so it was considered a really senseless act and is one that we've seen repeated over time 说话人A 24:15 here sometimes it can be the lack of infrastructure for mental health support but arguably in our infrastructure there's also a lot less resistance to just individuals getting guns that can cause a lot of damage in a very short time compared to other countries 说话人A 24:32 which is not to say that other countries don't have mass shootings 说话人A 24:36 guns Norway i think a few months ago or was it a while ago there was a school attack where someone attacked our students with a sword so less fatalities because it's a sword you're gonna have less damage but there's still ways in which similar things play out across the world in the United States it becomes particularly exacerbated because we have pretty much unrestricted access to guns some people argue that we should only let individuals have single shot rifles so the type that you've seen in historical movies where you got to clean。 说话人A 25:10 out the musket and put in one bullet at a time 说话人A 25:13 load the gunpowder and shoot every time so they argued that if we need the right to arms maybe that is a way to reduce the amount of school shootings and mass shootings 说话人A 25:25 or banning assault rifles like why does a civilian need an assault rifle to begin with 说话人A 25:33 but regardless of what we think about the various solutions the fact is simply that school shootings have been increasing over time they continue to rise from the early two thousands and then you saw a dip actually 说话人A 25:47 and you might notice something about this chart that you see here we saw a dip and then a drastic uptick 说话人A 26:00 if you're looking at the uptick that actually happened around the time of the two thousand eight financial crisis so there's a way in which these structural factors drastically impact it 说话人A 26:10 but if you're looking at the year before that then actually there's less we continue to see a rise since the two thousand tens and it's gone way up since the two thousand twenties 说话人B 26:35 那段时间不是新冠。 说话人B 26:36 对。 说话人B 26:37 为什么会枪击？ 说话人B 26:40 对社会不满。 说话人A 26:48 so great points we also have college campus shootings and whatnot that we haven't necessarily included in here to be clear so these are like all shootings that have caused injuries and deaths what we're seeing is that it's rising over time among these we count also the ones that include school shootings which tends to drastically drag up the number of fatalities 说话人A 27:15 and so we could possibly apply the arguments that we looked at for covid and violent crime to looking at why there has been an uptick since the two thousand twenty pandemic 说话人A 27:20 but another thing that we do want to look at is mass incarceration 说话人A 27:43 so fun fact about the united states we incarcerate more people than any other country this includes china which has approximately more than four times the population of the united states and so most of these are for nonviolent crimes if you're looking at this number over time 说话人A 28:04 we can see that it continues rising from the nineteen eighties we see a small dip from the two thousand tens onwards and we see a drastic drop during the two thousand and twenty covid pandemic when a lot of prisons released individuals who were convicted of minor crimes and nonviolent crimes because of extra-constitutional conditions within prisons 说话人A 28:15 but if you're looking at the previous graph you might find that the upticks in incarceration don't necessarily correspond with lower amounts of shootings 说话人A 28:39 and so what we find when we look at the United States last class we had people list out rules that they didn't agree with and so some groups ended up listing out private prisons there's a way in which a lot of prisons in the United States are actually privately run which means to some extent there is an incentive to actually have prisoners inside 说话人A 28:42 what we find if you're looking at the United States is that most prisoners are there for non-violent crimes and only about like thirty nine percent of incarcerations do not necessarily have to be there because they're not necessarily protecting public safety 说话人A 29:01 something that i would like us to find out state prisons versus federal prisons 说话人A 29:07 and so what sticks out to us when we're looking at this 说话人A 29:31 well obviously there's a lot more violent crime in state prisons and a lot more drug related crime in federal prisons and i like fraud 说话人A 29:42 so there's a way in which we see almost a reverse proportion and so is anyone familiar with why there might be so many drug related prisoners in federal prisons is anyone familiar with three strikes in your state 说话人A 30:00 ok。 说话人A 30:00 so maybe not because this is a very old policy that was first introduced in the nineteen nineties by克林顿。so this was prior to his his sex scandal 说话人A 30:13 Clinton basically introduced a policy 说话人A 30:15 我上学期有一次。 说话人A 30:16 someone gets caught for selling drugs three times they are going to get a federal sentence so they are definitely going to get a much higher sentence than they previously did what this means is that a lot of people who might have been selling small amounts of drugs ended up in federal prisons with longer sentences and there's a way in which that is unevenly distributed if you're looking at the prison population by state we may notice that some states have much higher rates than others 说话人A 30:51 so the darker the red closer to purple you get the more people are incarcerated within your state so Texas has a huge amount of people in Texas and Florida as well as California all have huge amounts of people who are in prison relative to their general population some places have very little people in prison and part of that is because they have small populations other places the ratio of people who are in prison might just be lower if you're looking at say New York city sorry not New York city New York state 说话人A 31:28 and so before we get into this i'd like us to briefly think about the reading for today's class so like fix fixing prisons to fix people and i'd like you guys to briefly connect the things that we've just talked about the rise and fall of violent crime as well as incarceration rates and what they're related to and how it's unevenly distributed so i'd like you guys to talk about this just some of your general reactions in small groups for a few minutes and then we're gonna come back together and start looking a bit more。 说话人A 31:59 at 说话人A 32:00 how does this applies to systems of inequality in our current justice system 说话人A 32:10 州，是哪个州？ 说话人A 32:14 犯罪人数最多的。 说话人A 32:16 嗯， 说话人A 32:16 Texas。 说话人A 32:18 州？ 说话人A 32:18 对啊，Texas州。 说话人A 32:20 哦。 说话人A 32:20 你可以。 说话人A 32:23 那左边那个？ 说话人A 32:24 最左边那个，9万8，那个是加州。 说话人A 32:28 加州这么多？ 说话人A 32:28 对。 说话人A 32:31 我们在哪？ 说话人A 32:32 我们在宾州。 说话人A 32:34 宾州在哪？我地理知识。 说话人A 32:37 39。 说话人A 32:40 哦，那还行，我不是很行。 说话人A 32:45 有点有点那啥吧。 说话人A 32:46 有点多，但还行。 说话人A 32:48 要么39.3。 说话人B 32:49 那个，要么四4.7那个。 说话人A 32:52 我查一下美国地图。 说话人A 32:54 应该39.3。 说话人B 32:55 那个，我们滨州那个冰线还是很合适。 说话人C 32:59 来查询一下america。 说话人A 33:01 地图。 说话人B 33:03 啊对，39.3那个，跟纽约盘的很。 说话人C 33:07 哦，那纽约是。 说话人B 33:10 上面没显示，太小了，显不出来。 说话人C 33:15 那就是那个10 10.1那个。 说话人C 33:19 呃，10.01，那是纽约州。 说话人B 33:23 哦。 说话人B 33:23 那是纽约州。 说话人C 33:26 为什么加州这么多人犯罪？我还以为加州很。 说话人B 33:28 安全。 说话人B 33:29 好像是10.01，诶，不对，到底是马赛诸塞还是。 说话人A 33:32 纽约州，应该写的是州。哦。 说话人C 33:39 好吧，不知道。 说话人C 33:40 嗯，加州怎么会犯罪人口这么多？ 说话人B 33:43 当然多，人口多。 说话人B 33:45 哦。 说话人B 33:45 而且鱼龙混杂呀，谁都想去。 说话人C 33:49 哦，所以它这个是。 说话人B 33:51 德州嘛，因为民风淳朴，佛罗里达纯粹是因为人多加。 说话人C 33:56 哪个是佛罗里达？ 说话人B 33:58 8点，84.1那个。 说话人B 34:01 那我感觉很，赫赫有名。 说话人B 34:03 是很有，因为神人太多了。 说话人C 34:05 芝加哥。 说话人A 34:06 是在。 说话人B 34:07 芝加哥，芝加哥在伊利诺。 说话人A 34:08 伊州。 说话人A 34:12 我觉得这附近不算多很。 说话人A 34:14 还好吧。 说话人A 34:16 都说芝加哥很危险。 说话人B 34:17 芝加哥是那种29.6的，伊利诺伊州。 说话人B 34:20 那还行。 说话人B 34:24 芝加哥是比较乱。 说话人A 34:28 说芝加，说那个。 说话人C 34:29 芝加哥老危险了，我朋友就没有。 说话人B 34:31 去考。 说话人B 34:32 我朋友在芝加哥艺术。 说话人A 34:33 学院。 说话人A 34:34 嗯。 说话人C 34:35 对，那个bro本来异地芝加哥的，后面去。 说话人A 34:38 伯克利了。 说话人B 34:39 哎呀，不去对比芝加哥大学死活，我觉得挺巨难。 说话人B 34:42 嗯。 说话人B 34:44 我那个朋友很松弛，他他妈每天一到晚上就就去，去seveneleven买那种穷鬼饮料，然后走到。 说话人A 34:51 街上跟黑人兄弟聊天。 说话人A 34:53 那可能好危险。 说话人A 34:54 她还是女生。 说话人A 34:56 哦，那更危险。 说话人B 34:58 剃个飞机头，小姑娘。 说话人B 35:00 那那很帅。 说话人B 35:01 你一看就知道肯定学艺术。 说话人B 35:03 可以。 说话人C 35:10 他这边显示说。 说话人A 35:11 移民的犯罪率是最高。 说话人B 35:13 应该是墨西哥或者。 说话人A 35:15 黑人。 说话人A 35:24 人多犯罪多。 说话人C 35:34 是不是穷的地方反正德克萨斯是不是比较穷？ 说话人B 35:38 错。 说话人B 35:38 德克萨斯州反而。 说话人A 35:39 GDP很高，就是因为民风太彪悍，他们强。 说话人A 35:45 we're both interested in the growing focus of turning like prison centers into more like re rehabilitation centers you know rather than just punishing people they also want to help them thrive in society because well it would just make the world a better place and it could prevent future crime 说话人A 36:09 so that's a great point about like focusing on rehabilitation rather than punishment did any other reactions come up related to this or someone who has slightly different 说话人A 36:31 probably contributes to how we're talking about the graph kind of goes if it did go up in twenty twenty probably because of this research 说话人A 36:44 so we have these ways in which we can see that research actually has applied purposes in our society and so another thing to think about is just how entering a prison can actually make you more likely to commit a crime again within prisons there's someone might who went in as a minor criminal for a small crime maybe like property theft it's likely doable actually thinking about social networks 说话人A 37:10 or thinking about opportunity here you may actually gain access to other forms of knowledge other networks of people who may be involved in more crimes or in more violent crimes more serious crimes or to gain knowledge of how to commit certain crimes which compared to the fact that it's harder for people with criminal backgrounds to find a job to find housing it might also incentivize them to further participate in deviant behaviors so focusing on rehabilitation has been a way that people have argued that we should be addressing this issue 说话人A 37:46 part of this stems from looking at the war on drugs the war on drugs was essentially it was a very interesting process that took a span of multiple years some people would argue that we lost the war on drugs because it has not necessarily changed all that much in our society if you're looking into the nineteen seventys so going back to the root of all this then in the post civil rights era this is after the civil rights movement had already secured a lot of acts and legal protections 说话人A 38:19 so Nixon when he was trying to speak clear the so called war on drugs what he did was he did so in very racialized manner so he would essentially conflate drugs with minority individuals especially African American men and he was very much using this to push a platform of being tough on crime 说话人A 38:40 and so there's a really great documentary about all this that goes into a lot more depth than we possibly could in this class we do have some criminology classes that are offered every few semesters if anyone is interested in this documentary 说话人A 38:54 called the thirteenth it was on Netflix and now it is free on youtube i have linked it on the canvas page for anyone interested it's very much talking about the process of all this 说话人A 39:05 the following makes sense the declaration of a war on drugs we saw is that the prison population began to explode 1980s by 1986 we had the anti drug abuse act which means essentially it is a five year minimum sentence for having five grams of crack cocaine or five hundred grams of cocaine powder 说话人A 39:29 notice something interesting here there's a pretty big difference between how much crack you can have versus how much powder cocaine 说话人A 39:42 and this is why we're talking about this in the context of the heading racism and the war on drugs 说话人A 40:01 it's because crack cocaine was considered to be cheaper so it was easier to smell to sell in small amounts what this means is that the dealers and the users were predominantly African american latino and lower class so like more the working class or lower income like individuals 说话人A 40:39 was used predominantly by the lower classes while powder cocaine was used by richer individuals so thinking about actresses actors these like high profile individuals and the wealthy in our society so this very stark disparity almost one hundred times difference in when you would get a sentence really exemplifies the racialized rhetoric that went into promoting this war in the first place and so when we were seeing that prison population is growing and growing and it seemed to become a public burden the way in which the war on drugs continued to 说话人A 41:11 to be justified was that they would draw on a lot of rhetoric that was heavily racialized so they would tie it to so called welfare queens which was a concept that was predominantly tied to black women in American society as well as like to so called crack babies which was again it was a heavily racialized terms because the war on drugs cycle showed up this they wouldn't show images of white children they would show images of African American children and Hispanic children by the nineteen ninety five by nineteen ninety four we had a crime。 说话人A 41:16 bill that essentially expanded the sentences for drug and violence looking back to the previous slides 说话人A 41:30 is federal population in two thousand and seventeen many of the individuals we see on the federal side for drugs actually have been in there because they're still in there as a legacy of the nineteen ninety four bill 说话人A 41:54 and we can see looking at the different sentences for crack cocaine versus for powder cocaine is that this actually leads to a lot of racial disparities within mass incarceration for one if you are a police officer you actually have to go and find someone with five hundred grams of cocaine to meet the sentence versus you only need five grams 说话人A 42:32 racokid where you probably going to end up policing one and so there's a way in which all of these factors led to the racial disparities that we currently see today where African American men have much higher rate of incarceration relative to their population in the United States compared to white men as and Hispanic men also have a much higher rate of incarceration but not as high as African American men for women the situation's actually slightly different and so we can see that a lot of women are not necessarily in prison for violent crimes there's。 说话人A 42:32 a lot of 说话人A 42:36 property prices and so on and so forth 说话人A 42:41 so now just as we do actually have enough time for this because we only have two minutes left but just to think about some of these things and to connect them to the reading when you are thinking