说话人A 00:03 they tend to have this tendency to basically climb the older children like a tree 说话人A 00:07 so they expect to be hugged and to be cuddled 说话人A 00:17 then sometimes they want to compete about who is perceived as more grown up 说话人A 00:26 sometimes see depending on which which socialization context that 说话人A 00:48 so when we're thinking about social statuses there's ascribed status as we discussed a status that is assigned to you there's also achieved status which is something that you can gain through your own efforts of course some ascribed statuses can have different impacts than others so this ascribed statuses can have different impacts than 说话人A 01:17 you are embedded as well as what opportunities and resources are going to be available to you given 说话人A 01:38 localization the topic of our first research is 说话人A 01:41 sorry we forgot something you guys are not expected to do an actual research 说话人A 01:48 socialization what we're talking about is really this ongoing process where you are learning how to follow norms social expectations and this is something that we learn through social interaction it's part of the process that we call social reproduction so there is course biological reproduction in which you give birth to children and you raise them but the process in which those children then become members of society that they learn to engage in the same culture the same norms and expectations that is the process of social reproduction 说话人A 02:26 essentially you are producing another member of society not just another human being 说话人A 02:34 socialization starts from infancy and often the first socialization 说话人A 02:51 teachers in your prek and so on and so forth so when we're looking at the process in which socialization occurs there's two major but just three major theoretical perspectives and we're going to go a little bit more into them what is the looking-glass self proposed by George Herbert mead in nineteen and in nineteen o two so what does this mean 说话人A 03:22 our self identities don't occur in isolation rather they are shaped our sense of self is shaped through social interaction so babies cannot have a sense of self because they have no meaningful social interactions you can develop a sense of self as you grow up through interactions because it is through the process of responding to how we imagine other people to view us that we then gain a sense of self so it's essentially something that only emerges when we're thinking of ourselves 说话人A 03:53 someone else's 说话人A 04:00 looking glass self。 说话人A 04:02 so let's look at this way，essentially，the first part is our our perception of how we appear to others，and then we estimate how other people are judging us based on our own perceptions of how they see us，and finally，how we feel about this judgment。 说话人A 04:21 so how you feel about this judgment，then feedback into your perception of how you appear to others，so it's kind 说话人A 04:34 perception what we're saying is that you have no real way of knowing what other people actually think everything that you are acting based on is entirely based on what you imagine other people to 说话人A 04:50 essentially it's like you're going to have different senses of self depending on who is your interactant depending on who is perceiving you so there may be contexts in which who is perceiving you matters more versus when it matters less say you are going in for a job interview you probably have a very important sense of like how do i look up to the interviewer 说话人A 05:20 in a foreign city who is looking at you probably don't really care how you're being perceived to the same extent that you do if you were within a very professional setting that has some kind of influence on your future 说话人A 05:39 the second major theory that we're going to talk about is George Herbert mead and so he essentially worked from nineteen eighteen sixty three to nineteen thirty nine he proposed this theory of child development so this is often used in psychology there's a reason why we also apply this to a sociology context especially what he argues is that we are not born with a sense of self only human beings only the human species can have a sense of self because animals do not have the same social interactions 说话人A 06:12 or social expectations so importantly you have to have both these components both the interactive component and the expectational component together that forms our sense of self and self-consciousness through our interactions 说话人A 06:29 he argues that children essentially learn by imitating the key individuals who are around them so when you're thinking about like very small children maybe like a little baby who is imitating the way that her grandfather walks 说话人A 06:45 you might think that she's making fun of him but in the very but she's very small often that is just a form of imitation that through which they are learning what roles exist so we tend to split this into three major stages to the preparatory stage the play stage and the game stage we tend to focus more on the latter two in sociology in psychology you may also look more at the preparatory stage but here we tend to look at the play stage and the game stage because that is。 说话人A 07:18 when social interaction is occurring 说话人A 07:23 so preoperational stage this is essentially like when small children are playing house when you give them a few toys and they are like fiddling around with trying to figure out how to interact with the world around them often directly through imitation by so called taking on the roles of others as they enter the game stage this is when they learn to see themselves as part of a larger social order 说话人A 07:55 of different roles 说话人A 07:56 so essentially all the groups that compose a group 说话人A 08:09 anyways so in the game stage this is when you are saying if you're on a soccer team you have to think about where everyone else on the team is moving you have to think about your role as part of this broader team and that's essentially what we mean by the game stage when you start to be able to abstractly see yourself as a member of a broader group beyond which that you can see or imitate 说话人A 08:38 any questions about the looking-glass self 说话人A 08:41 哇，what was that？ 说话人A 08:42 so，you gave an example of playing in the sandbox what were their proper roles in the sandbox 说话人A 08:47 so this is when you're like say you're too small of a small baby but you've started to be able to observe people around you but they haven't necessarily started to see it as a role to imitate it so they have this sense of observation but not yet of taking that role so say like when the child starts to imitate what the mom is doing in the kitchen say the mom is kneading dough the child is taking play dough and punching it 说话人A 09:12 1st that would be the play stage but the stage in which they are absorbing that information is what we would consider the formal operational stage 说话人A 09:26 so just to make it more complicated Carl Jung also wanted to split it into three separate parts these are all components of our self-consciousness the first one is i so this is the active self this is the part of you that actively wants to do various things takes initiative has basically a mind of its own and it responds very actively to other people's judgments then there is me so yes there's a difference between i and me me is the sense of self that you have in real life 说话人A 10:00 relation to others 说话人A 10:01 所以这是 说话人A 10:05 so called like biological personality or so called personality that you are born with this is the part of you that is responding to how others are treating you to others expectations of you 说话人A 10:22 like we are talking about a very specific term that we call the generalized other in other words the attitudes of society of a group in society and their expectations of so the generalized other is essentially society in its whole their attitudes their values and their expectations these three major components shape what you consider the generalized other to be and that's how we develop our sense of me in relation to the other the i is also shaped by the me and the other which is a bit confusing but basically 说话人A 11:02 personality is also responding to these external factors 说话人A 11:16 the fact that everyone is shaped by society right we are all responsive to attitudes values and expectations this shapes our sense of the mean so then doesn't everyone end up conforming to the exact same standard he would argue about now because our sense of the active self i is very different from person to person and also when we're looking at the generalized other the groups in which you are situated tends to differ so even though we have like 说话人A 11:47 the big circle of society you may be situated within any of the smaller circles within that and it would be the attitudes values and expectations of that smaller circle that shapes you as a person that interacts with your innate personality traits to shape me other i together as self consciousness so i know that these terms sound pretty similar to one another do we have anything that we want to clarify any parts that we want to ask a question about or to go a bit more into detail 说话人A 12:25 yes ma'am 说话人A 12:27 the id ego and superego so the id the active self is essentially the part of you that has your own agency you're actively doing things that you are willing to do from your own for example your biological personality like the personality you were born with right so that's the part that may be more due to nature another easy way to think of it is i is more due to nature me is more due to nurture 说话人A 13:01 see your id this makes sense your active self can shape how you was yourself sense of self in relationship so there's different responses based on your own innate personality and your own sense of initiative if that makes sense any other clarifying questions 说话人A 13:23 can can you give an example about the i and me 说话人A 13:26 sure so say like a child who was born with a very stubborn personality 说话人A 13:33 from the start and very rebellious you tell them to do put their shoes on they're like no they want to throw their shoes across the room that would be their sense of eye however they go to school and there's this expectation where they keep their shoes on and they're actively breaking rules but they know there's a rule that they're breaking they know that there's a consequence to that and they have to decide how they want to respond do they want to be a so called good student and keep。 说话人A 14:03 their shoes on or do they want to be labeled a trouble maker and keep their shoes off that would be the 说话人A 14:04 the sense of self in relation to the other which in this case would be the expectations and attitudes of the school 说话人A 14:11 ok all right any other questions 说话人A 14:15 great so now we're gonna actually get you guys to apply this so thinking to the reading i'll let you guys discuss in small groups of two or three so please move around a bit if you now have someone sitting next to you to discuss the following questions how do young children use concepts of race and ethnicity during their everyday social interactions as well as drawing on theories of development as well as and also drawing on the looking-glass self 说话人A 14:46 the socialization process drawing from examples in the text 说话人A 14:50 all right i'll let you guys have it 说话人A 15:14 我把这桌往前移。 说话人A 15:22 最近校园里是不是流感频发？ 说话人A 15:24 对的。 说话人A 15:27 我看我们后面那大哥也还没有来。 说话人A 15:29 他是不是也生病了？ 说话人A 15:34 所以你们。 说话人A 15:41 还好我每次都要确认。 说话人A 15:52 哇，我们真的是太有手法了。 说话人A 16:00 socialinteract。 说话人A 16:34 或者说。 说话人A 16:43 行。 说话人A 17:07 so just before we move forward to issue a quick correction exploratory stage may include imitation but this is often when the child doesn't understand what they're imitating they're only following along the actions and 说话人A 17:19 in which she began to make sense of the social roles that they are imitating or that they are playing 说话人A 17:22 so just a quick clarification 说话人A 17:31 so for this reading does anyone want to share what came up in their discussion groups let's hear from two or three people 说话人A 17:40 i said that it could also like help a response 说话人A 18:16 what their parents are saying to them at home and also what goes on in the classroom and decide how to make friends in school so that's a great example like your family that's a very important what we call agent of socialization and also your education system then there is your peers who are also agents of socialization how you interact with each is shaped by the other forces in which you are embedded great anyone else what came up in your discussions for either of these questions or any more general reactions。 说话人A 18:34 所以他们就会被欺负。 说话人A 18:44 他们自己。 说话人A 18:46 他们自己，对。 说话人A 19:15 so that's an example of the parents are doing this based on their perception of how others are perceiving them and their actions and that applies an extension to their children as well 说话人A 19:42 understand what these roles mean in the broader social context what they're really imitating here is the actions and attitudes of the society around them without having really internalized the meanings of that yet so this is essentially we're looking at the very early racialization processes and of course this can really depend on where you're located the racialization of one student in a very diverse environment could look very different from a student in a very homogeneous environment 说话人A 19:52 and so now i just want us to look at another example together so there is this Canadian broadcasting society they have a show called according to kids essentially they ask young children from their own perspectives and understandings to explain various social issues and this includes like sports professions and so on and so forth and so we're going to look at one or two examples together and then i would like us to think about the following question in small groups before we will come back together 说话人A 20:25 how would we explain children's understanding of various sports from mead's theory applying the i me generalized other as well as like the preparatory stage game stage play stage and game stage 说话人A 20:57 Trap and kill according to. 说话人B 20:59 Kate. 说话人B 21:00 Trap is trap is people running in circles on the outside and field is the stuff that happens in the middle and they happen at the same time and it can get very confusing because people are throwing things and the things are landing in. 说话人A 21:14 The track and people are like hey who threw that sorry that's my javelin. 说话人A 21:19 a relay race is where you hand a stick to someone and rely on them to bring you the stick then your friend calls you and says where's the stick and you go oh yeah and then they're like oh man 说话人A 21:31 I know i need to give the stick to them hurdle you don't wanna run into it cause it hurts that's why they call. 说话人B 21:37 It a hurdle if you're short hurdles are tough if you're really tall hurdles are easy but if you're really short hurdles are super easy cause you just go underneath. 说话人A 21:47 Everybody runs at the same time you stop at the distance you're supposed to go one guy says how far are you going and the other guy says one hundred meters lucky i have to run ten billion meters i'll see you。. 说话人A 22:02 at the ice cream shop 说话人A 22:11 so essentially that's how children understand how to view sports so just in small groups i'd like you guys to discuss which parts of this is actually accurate and which parts do they have a different understanding of how and how many of them have actually performed these expectations so i'll let you guys discuss this in small groups 说话人A 22:49 嗯。 说话人A 22:51 没看懂。 说话人A 22:53 就是刚开始他们是在那个准备阶段，他们会有些无意识的模仿啥的，然后要不然发给你自己看得。 说话人A 23:27 110个。 说话人A 23:49 here are some of the reactions that we had in this studio 说话人A 23:52 be honest cute i know it's cute 说话人A 24:05 they just say things because they try to find a solution to everything有时候他们说的话我妈妈就说。 说话人A 24:13 所以你越老越。 说话人A 24:14 或者她就是你知道吗。 说话人A 24:17 所以我就自己找答案，从我的问题。 说话人A 24:20 所以我就是要去看他们的反应是这样的。 说话人A 24:22 这是很可爱，但是因为他们就是孩子，所以我就回去了。 说话人A 24:28 这个问题它不是。 说话人A 24:31 这不是他们的错，他们就是无辜的，也不是恶意的。 说话人A 24:45 so it's just how they are because that's all they know and they kind of like get the information like they're copying what they know 说话人A 24:52 great so they are trying to make sense of the generalized order that they don't actually quite understand yet 说话人A 24:55 that's a great point did i see another kind of 说话人A 25:33 most of the things that they're correct in are like things that they can observe like yes there is like a baton that they hand off and i guess there are like turtles and like jaguars and stuff like that and like they observe that and they know that but they don't know how it like works like they don't all run at the same time and like the events don't all happen at the same time it's like more of like the process of how things work they don't fully understand but they understand it 说话人A 26:10 can see point so how there they have sometimes that they do understand like the fact that people are throwing things and they have to cross hurdle and stuff but they're filling in the gaps themselves so that's essentially the process in which we come to understand the generalized other through the so called active self so these different children have different pretty different impressions of like these different events because of probably their own ways of interpreting the different things that they already have seen and even though it may not necessarily be accurate this is essentially how。 说话人A 26:12 they develop their self consciousness 说话人A 26:40 and also maybe just thinking about like how you mentioned you're really short you can be pretty easy to hurdle race so that might actually be based in their own experiences if they visit a high school most of these kids can probably run under the hurdles without lowering their heads so that's probably they would want to scale that up and imagine that it is the same for adults for short any other reactions or any other thoughts from the meeting 说话人A 27:04 there's a whole series of this on YouTube if you guys are interested it's just called cbs according to kids so if you want to see what other things kids can come up with trying to explain sports i recommend 说话人A 27:15 so now we're going to talk about a more of a critical perspective first i want to introduce you to the 说话人A 27:28 and so he was working from approximately the same context if we're thinking all the way back to the social theory part of our class this 说话人A 28:08 listed in the name in like the list of like canon theoretical scholars and the reason for this is because he is in America and also because he is African American he also predominantly focused on race relations and how they shape society and the sense of self what this meant was that back then people weren't really focused on it nowadays we acknowledge that it's a pretty important aspect to look at in studying society but going all the way back to the eighteen hundreds and nineteen hundreds it wasn't 说话人A 28:39 he was born in Massachusetts and he earned his PhD in from Harvard he was also the one who founded a sociology lab at the university of Chicago he was essentially the pioneer of what we now call empirical sociology so essentially you are collecting scientific data using the scientific process and so on and so forth and his approach was that he explicitly saw social science as a vehicle of change so unlike Marx who saw it as 说话人A 29:19 economic and political change he saw it explicitly as a way to explain and to fight racism that he was seeing in the society around him he also developed a systematic and historical theory of race that now has formed the basis of what we call critical race theory what he argued was drawing a little bit from the Marxist tradition he argued that slavery and capitalism was something that went hand in hand what he was interested in was the psychological impacts and social cultural impacts that this had on not just African Americans but the entirety of。 说话人A 29:22 society he argued that 说话人A 29:29 racism essentially is very important in persistent shape persistently shaping class inequalities 说话人A 29:31 so not just racial inequalities 说话人A 30:03 he argued that during the civil war there were a lot of white soldiers who fought for the south who did not own any slaves they probably given the earnings that they had they probably never had the economic means to own a slave so why did they bother fighting for the south for the essentially the interests of the confederacy he argued that racism essentially prevents because shared sentiment between enslaved African Americans and poor white farmers themselves 说话人A 30:36 so while going by the marquis point of view these people should be in the same social class and so the class conflict should really be between them and the ultra wealthy but this what he calls the psychological wage of whiteness essentially this urge that to at least have someone even if you're not superior you at least have someone who is considered inferior to you on the social tier that essentially serves what we call a symbolic reward so there's no actual gain from it beyond what is symbolically provide 说话人A 31:09 of a sense of superiority he argued that it is essentially this that prevented for blacks and for whites from coming together and fighting for their economic interests so when we are looking at socialization and the sense of self the voice has kind of a different approach from other people he argues that especially for oppressed and colonized persons and here he's focusing specifically on African Americans but later many colonies across the world would apply a similar theory 说话人A 31:25 on double consciousness and just to read the quote of the quote here he argues that black people in America are essentially born with it will in a world which gives him no true self-consciousness but only lets him see himself through the revelation of the other 说话人A 31:37 it's a peculiar sensation it's self-consciousness it's the sense of always looking at oneself through the eyes of others of measuring one's soul by the tape of the world that looks on in amused contempt and pity 说话人A 31:44 so when he's talking about the other here his sense of the generalized other is that you can't 说话人A 32:15 so especially who was working in the American south during the age of segregation he would argue that the other is essentially white American society and the way that they viewed African Americans who were living in the south that was essentially what the projections that they cast upon them then become incorporated into African Americans own self perception and then their own realities so it becomes incorporated into 说话人A 32:33 here is the power structures so when we're thinking about the generalized other are there some forms of expectations some values that seem to matter more to us than others 说话人A 32:59 and douglass essentially provides a context for us to understand this he also argues that white people are also shaping their sense of self relative to African Americans relative to other people of color and it is essentially in this relational these different axes across society in addition to just economic class that is shaping the fabric of America 说话人A 33:07 can say whether or not people are going to vote against their own interests because of something other than economic class 说话人A 33:16 so we'll look more at voice when we talk more about social inequality do we have any questions about this so far 说话人A 33:45 a New Year vertical perspective but if we're looking at it really there's a lot of ways in which we can connect this to Marx and we can connect this to weber so essentially to conflict theory and also to symbolic interactions so the ways in which that we make meanings of the world can also shape how those meanings are then reflected into action which then shapes further more 说话人A 33:58 so when you're thinking about socialization there's a lot of different ways in which we are socialized 说话人A 34:37 aspect of society but we tend to categorize them into a few major groups this includes the family often this is where you first become embedded into a culture and this is also where you first learn language so how you talk about things how you think about things first becomes shaped in family and then when you get into school for example like looking at the pre k from today's class this is where you start learning about race because often 说话人A 35:12 ethnic Grace is usually not something that often is explicitly discussed so in school is when you start to first understand your ascribed social statuses relative to people around you as well as the achieved statuses that are possible for you you also start learning about social norms beyond what may be considered normal in your family so often people have certain recipes that they eat certain habits that they engage in within the family home that make sense as a family tradition 说话人A 35:26 to the school stage and to start realizing how normal or abnormal this is relative to broader society because this is when you are coming into contact with other children and their family backgrounds 说话人A 35:52 first there's also media so this includes advertisements which we are looking at for reflection number one it also includes things such as movies tv social media and so on and so forth media also shows us what appearances are considered normal what appearances are considered desirable and so on and so forth the image of what a 说话人A 35:59 what good life looks like and what a good family looks like what a good romance looks like and so on 说话人A 36:35 you also associate peer groups so your peers are already important in agent but socialization because essentially there's peer pressure which we may have heard about in like activities in school where you have say no to peer pressure don't drink don't do drugs i'm not sure that's something that's still prevalent today OK during the whole say no to drugs campaign this was a pretty major thing to talk about very often in schools but the sense that what your peers doing have an influence on you 说话人A 37:10 pressures where you're like do this or we're gonna kick you out but you may have this sense that you don't want to be different that being different from the people around you in some way is somehow bad or wrong that gives rise to what we call conforming of course this is not absolute people have especially in the modern world we have increasingly different peer groups the available groups not just online sorry not just offline but also online so what may be considered out of place in one group can。 说话人A 37:10 be considered 说话人A 37:11 very normal within another context 说话人A 37:15 there's also total institutions so this really includes a lot of things where you are the group in with other people who are like you in some way but you are essentially segregated away from society in an institution that has total control over your daily routine where you can go and what you can do this can include multiple different things for example boarding schools so that's essentially 说话人A 37:42 where children may go if they have no guardians to take care of them or elderly homes so like where people who are unable to live by themselves due to old age would also be considered to be living in a communal institution these things can also be punitive so for example jails would be considered another 说话人A 38:09 this agent of socialization is shaped by essentially who you are so thinking back to gender race and class but also age your age group is also very important in determining what any of your interactions with other agents can look like do you have any questions about this so far 说话人A 38:37 socialization essentially it's through the processes of socialization that we form our self it's predominantly concentrated in our childhoods but it is a lifelong process in which we are learning social roles and social expectations for our behavior so as we would argue is essentially the nature part or your own biology say a personality that you're born with as well as the nurture so the socialization processes that you're undergoing and they come together to shape you 说话人A 39:12 they would many sociologists would argue that you cannot develop a sense of self completely in isolation however say you develop a sense of self and then like you go on to become a hermit you move to a mountain and you don't want any contact with the outside world you would not lose your sense of self simply because you no longer have social interaction so once your sense of self is formed it doesn't go away 说话人A 39:41 perspective so this is the third perspective that we were talking about early government during元朝 说话人A 39:49 is that社会性，like our socialization processes，our sense of self，is shaped by the ways that we behave，and also how we react to others。 说话人A 40:00 这是 very much drawing on shakespeare's quote of all the world's a stage and all the men and women merely players。 说话人A 40:06 each man has his entrance and his exit，and one man in his time may play many parts。 说话人A 40:16 masks are ground for theater we're going all the way back to the ancient Greek traditions where the actors rather than relying on their own facial expressions they would often wear masks that usually denoted a certain type of reaction to denote a certain type of character and of course because a Greek play is only meant to be acted so we wanted to act a woman we would just put on a mask and so drawing on this tradition that urban government develops ground theater so we wear different masks in different spaces how you may act in。 说话人A 40:51 front of like say your boyfriend or your girlfriend 说话人A 40:54 is probably very different than if you were trying to impress say a sports team that you only just joined 说话人A 41:02 different ways in which you would present yourself and different ways in which you would then think about your own actions within this 说话人A 41:16 subconscious process you're not actively thinking about how you perceive others to perceive you but here it's like somewhat of a more conscious process and that's a major difference to keep in mind all right any questions about dress rehearsal 说话人A 41:35 ok 说话人A 41:35 so now i'd like us to do a brief discussion board together so if you go to canvas you'll find discussion four point two 说话人A 41:49 provide students with professional attire guidelines so what i want you guys to search up is look up university career center interview 说话人A 42:04 what do you notice what differs in terms of gender by what is considered professional attire and is there a way in which this may apply differently across race and ethnicity 说话人A 42:16 so let's you guys work on this for a while then we will submit a very brief written summary to canvas so this can be one or two sentences or just in bullet points but once you have worked on that start talking to your partner about similar things that you've 说话人A 42:38 其实我其实其实我很早就想删他的，我刚加他。 说话人A 43:11 .results as you're writing it down 说话人A 45:44 you can also submit this on paper if you would prefer to do so 说话人A 46:59 just a few points to help you guys think through some of this so like thinking about race and ethnicity some guidelines may say have a professional haircut and so it really depends on like in some professional markets what does a proper be considered a professional haircut what like having like braids be considered a professional haircut and so similarly if there's like a cultural tradition in some places having facial tattoos or hand tattoos or visible tattoos that cannot be covered up by clothing would that be considered professional in certain workplaces 说话人A 47:34 about like what social statuses and what social roles are being greatly valued by the so called generalized other 说话人A 47:43 when we're thinking about student social