说话人A 00:00 reason why i ask who's good at malicious compliance is because in order to maliciously comply you have to actually know the rules you have to know what is expected in order to act in a way that is technically what is asked but also not what is expected 说话人A 00:18 so for example in classes with more time like say in a month long class session one thing i do like to do is write the school's logo but you guys tell me instructions and my country and i interpret it in 说话人A 00:35 but that's just an example of how socialization works we develop a sense of what social norms are and also what social norms are not we may often feel that these things are invisible to us but the fact that we kind of know what to do or sometimes what not to do or how to do something in a way that is not wanted of you but it's also what you want to do that also shows in a way the ways in which we have come to internalize 说话人A 01:04 about what we talked about on wednesdays socialization and self-formation is this lifelong process in which we learn behaviors and attitudes that are expected of us in other words societal expectations for our behavior which then becomes internalized as part of the self now being said the self is also formed of both the nature part and the nurture part in other words your own innate only you personality as well as what socialization processes you undergo which of course can look different for everyone say someone who moves between five different 说话人A 01:39 country is a child it's probably going to have a very different sense of say what's normal compared to someone who spent all their life in one one specific town there's a lot of different agents of socialization most of whom we interact with on a pretty regular basis some of them on a daily basis often without really thinking about what you're doing to shape our societal expectations but the ways in which these things can shape our socialization process 说话人A 02:10 really depends on who you are and in other words your gender your race your class your age and so on and so forth so one way to look at how this actually plays out is by thinking about say life chances the agents of socialization exist for everyone but they may affect us in different ways for example does the media have negative stereotypes about the social group to which you belong is the portrayal of the social status to which you belong 说话人A 02:42 ascribed status is it often portrayed as a terrorist a criminal a gangster and how that might then impact how you're treated if say you go into a store you go into a government building if you're passing through tsa or if you are going into a hospital are you treated as a priority are you treated as someone who deserves help or are you treated as someone who is a troublemaker that might then shape how you think about yourself as well as how you interact with social environments around you 说话人A 03:52 shift between individual agency and social structure so we talked a lot about how socialization impacts who we are what we do what we expect of society which is not to say that individual agency doesn't really matter in fact sociologists would argue that agency plays a very important role in shaping society as well as shaping how we respond to societal structures one example of this is the paralympics where often we see athletes who have some degree of disability 说话人A 04:15 like their mobility but they are still able to participate in a great number of sports often to a strongly amplified degree to the point where they can professionally compete and that's an example of where there is a physical restriction but they draw on other physical resources other mental resources as well as like mobility aids in order to engage in sports 说话人A 04:29 so agency is defined as our capacity to act given the structural rules and resources that impact our behaviors it refers to the choice that we are making as individuals and also 说话人A 04:59 actions that we decide to take one of the ways in which how we make these decisions and how we ultimately decide to act one way or another is what we call reflexivity thinking back to research methodology talked a little bit about reflexivity in social scientific research which is essentially looking at how who you are and where you are impacts what you study 说话人A 05:30 how to study it for example if i'm studying Chinese restaurants i'll probably have more success interviewing people who only speak Chinese compared to someone who would say like needs to bring a translator with them adding a third person into the mix who doesn't have the linguistics the same language can make it more difficult and make interview participants less willing to talk to them or for example like why do some people decide to study criminal gangs why do other people decide to study education 说话人A 06:01 and when you're in that setting do you look like a police officer is that going to impact how people are interacting with you do you look like what an educator in that setting usually looks like or do you look like one of their peers this all impacts the results that you're probably going to get the answers that you're going to hear when we apply that more broadly reflexivity applies in a similar way to social action in other words this is when we are evaluating our position in the social world。 说话人A 06:07 this is something that we all do on an unconscious basis on a daily day to day basis 说话人A 06:41 we are evaluating who we are in social world evaluating the roles that we are expected to follow and the resources that are at our disposal that we can either currently access or that we can acquire sociologists would argue that this is not always a conscious process so we're not necessarily like making a spreadsheet or going onto a whiteboard and mapping out our out but for people who have taken sociology one hundred this is something that can be useful to you in terms of like mapping out your decisions 说话人A 07:14 what reflexivity ultimately is arguing is that we have a certain degree of ability to decide what we do how we act how we identify that being said our reflexivity the ways in which we think about what we have what we want and what we're going to do is shaped by what we have access to so it's shaped by the social structures in which you are located but the ways in which you then choose to act it can either uphold existing social 说话人A 07:27 so it can support the existing system of roles of resources statuses roles groups networks institutions or in some cases we can also reshape what that looks like 说话人A 07:35 a lot of social change stands from people who will say well i don't think that makes sense or well i see that's how it is but i don't agree with it 说话人A 07:42 often it's when we go beyond what we consider to be common sense or that's just the way that things have always been 说话人A 07:43 that's when individual agency can also be social change 说话人A 07:48 but as you change that social structure that social structure 说话人A 07:54 end of other people around me so it's kind of this continuous cycle do we have any questions about this process 说话人A 08:08 all right so now we're going to move into discussion of social groups and what sort of groups exist in following classes we're also going to talk about social networks and how we practice them digitally where organizations and how they differentiate themselves in modern society as well as what is social capital 说话人A 08:34 we'll go more into examples of what this actually 说话人A 08:47 small as two people or more so any so how do you do more than two people with similar values and expectations to interact with one another on a regular basis 说话人A 09:02 networks are also linking food groups 说话人A 09:10 directly to other individuals and also indirectly to even more people 说话人A 09:16 follow there are institutions so institutions include groups and networks but can expand beyond those in other words these are usually the enduring practices and rules that organize a certain domain of social life one example of this is the family we often consider family to be a private matter we don't think about it in terms of like institutions which usually we might associate with say post office with college with some kind of government 说话人A 09:47 office but there is a way in which marriage and families are also considered an institution we'll talk more about what that means in later classes but just to kind of make it clear the relationship here 说话人A 10:28 so essentially that is the relationship of these three separate aspects of our social life groups are embedded in networks networks are embedded in institutions and all of this is embedded in social structure but because i'm not tall enough to write it on the board on the wall 说话人A 10:52 so when you're thinking about social groups these are really the building blocks of our society it is as small as two people who share values so it's really when we go beyond the individual to look at when you are starting to interact with other people and so the neat thing about groups is that we do not need to know anything about the characteristics of the group members to make certain predictions about how the group will act so thinking about friend groups we don't need to know it doesn't really matter 说话人A 11:24 to sociologists whether this person has dated that person whether these two people are secretly accessing another all day with each other's former exes it doesn't really matter these dynamics as interesting as they can be they don't impact how our ability to make certain predictions about the ways in which group members can or will interact and we'll look at some examples of this in just a moment but first we have questions so keep in mind this chart here as well as the different 说话人A 11:58 i'd like you guys in small groups to answer the following questions based on the reading so kind of chewing through the text together so you see 说话人A 12:06 what is the introverted how does this relate to our understanding of digital engagements in daily life what is the impact of this change and what is the difference between embedded premodern groups affiliation based modern groups and now our the so called new groups of the digital age 说话人A 12:25 finally do these arguments actually align with your own experiences 说话人A 12:34 pass everyone who grew up in the age of the smartphone so there's a way in which you guys can also decide based on your own experiences is this valid or is this theory already outdated is this in some ways only apply to certain groups and so on and so forth so let you guys discuss that for a bit and then we will come back and answer these questions 说话人A 19:59 which certain social boundaries have become kind of translucent you can kind of pass through them to a certain extent because of the digital nature of our social networks in the past maybe you would ask a friend and say hey i know your dad works in say x company and there's a person there who knows someone in a company who knows the expert in say microbiology of rats that i want to talk to and maybe then you would go through all those various degrees of separation in order to actually gain access to。 说话人A 20:31 that knowledge 说话人A 20:35 on lead day maybe even the 说话人A 20:41 and slide into the dms going hey i really want to read you i want to talk to your dad which probably is not a good practice but it's definitely now an option compares to a past so now i'd like to keep this keep this discussion in mind as we discuss groups as we discussed before sometimes we often don't need to know the specific characteristics of group members to make certain predictions about how the group will act and that remains true even as the nature of groups in our society continue。 说话人A 21:14 to change so going from embedded and rigid groups to when you have more choices in order to base on your own choices of 说话人A 21:22 iation 说话人A 21:23 现如今，人们拥有这种非常碎片化的，不同的联系，通过数字连接，而不是，在个人的社会，和社群中。 说话人A 21:37 smallest group that we have is a dyad in other words a group of two this is the most intimate of all groups that exist and it also tends to be more egalitarian so what do we mean by that there is an inherent sense of symmetry in a dyad for example the relationship between husband and wife between parent and child between two friends so both of these people have to agree to remain in this group in order for this relationship to succeed 说话人A 22:09 of course some of these relationships are more rigid than others it's easy enough to just block a friend on all your social media apps and block their phone number and then not talk to them it's a lot harder for a child under eighteen to walk away from a parent-child relationship but when we say that the dyad is the most intimate of all groups what we mean by this is that both parties have to agree to continue consenting for the relationship to continue which means there's a certain degree of power that each party。 说话人A 22:50 and if we are at their first children then we have the trial so when we're thinking about trials what's interesting social statistic is that a lot of newlywed couples they tend to get divorced after the birth of their first child so is that because the child is like babies are somehow bad for marriage and the answer is well it really is it really depends often people who are having trouble in marriage they decide to have a child try and fix that marriage unfortunately for them 说话人A 23:24 一夫一妻制的生物学。 说话人A 23:25 生物学认为，3人组比两人组更不稳定。 说话人A 23:29 所以它可以使事情变得更复杂，加剧现有的矛盾。 说话人A 23:38 你只需要两个人都同意继续这段关系，一旦有了三个人，你就会有很多不同类型的关系。 说话人A 23:50 所以我就一直来回倒腾这个东西。 说话人A 23:52 但是为了说明一个问题，在一夫一妻制中，只有一种类型的关系，就是双方都同意继续。 说话人A 24:08 that's pretty much all there is or if only one party wants the other to be in a relationship with them whether that's to stay in a marriage or to stay as friends or not to break off parent-child contact as long as the other party is refusing there's nothing you can do about it so only one real form of relationship exists which is where both parties agree to continue 说话人A 24:24 once you get quiet we have three separate forms of relationship that can exist so often what we see is the dad mom child in some cases it's friend friend friend in some cases it's a couple and a third party 说话人A 24:40 multiple ways in which it can burst where the group will still exist even if one of the members chooses to walk away so there's multiple ways in which this can play out the third party can act as a mediator to help keep the group together 说话人A 24:56 two friends are arguing the third friend goes hey hey guys we're all friends here let's not get up in each other's faces let's talk it out 说话人A 25:03 that would be the third party acting as a mediator and strengthening the bonds within this triad 说话人A 25:11 second relationship is divide and imperil in other words divide and conquer so you try to drive the other apart so say you are the third wheel of a very annoying couple you want to only remain friends with one of them and you want to kick their boyfriend or girlfriend out of friendship you might want to do these two people to break up so you might tell one person like hey your boyfriend said you've really put on weight recently and of course they're like wow what an asshole you。 说话人A 25:37 go to the boyfriend and say wow your girlfriend just called you an asshole for no reason that'll be an example of divide 说话人A 25:45 so as you can see it's really getting more complicated right the third one is the third party as churchill's gardens in other words they are benefiting from disagreement within a diet say your parents are fighting with each other they're not on talking terms right now you have a school trip coming up so you go to your mom and say mom i need how much is a school trip like twenty dollars for a school trip then she gives you twenty dollars now you know she's not talking to your dad go。 说话人A 26:24 to your dad and say dad i have a school trip coming up i need twenty dollars and so you get forty dollars neither side really knows about the other but you've also have a kind of incentive 说话人A 26:29 keep these two in disagreement so you can keep reaping the benefits of that right 说话人A 27:01 the larger the group gets the more complicated everything becomes as the number of people increases the number of potential relationships also exponentially multiplies so in any group of n number of people the formula that we can use so if we want to find r for the number of possible relationships that formula is n times n minus one divided by two 说话人A 27:02 so now can we get someone who is very good at math or can use Google efficiently as a calculator 说话人A 27:10 figure out how many potential relationships are there in this class 说话人A 27:14 so let's see who can get that done 说话人A 27:25 just twenty people in this class the twenty one including me 说话人A 27:51 go ahead and shout it out 说话人A 27:53 two hundred and ten 说话人A 27:54 two hundred and ten so within this one classroom within the people who are sitting here two thousand and ten possible relationships can exist of course this includes all of the above so triads relationships between triads portraits relationships between portraits and so on and so forth and the ways in which there's different interconnections between every single one of these groups can form a very large number of complicated relationships 说话人A 28:23 more complicated the group becomes and the more people exist within it the harder it is really to keep track of what's going on and to keep the group cohesive and that's why it becomes so important to have group roles 说话人A 28:41 primary groups versus secondary groups so even within this class there's probably people you interact with pretty regularly and you're always talking with them in small groups so on and so forth compared to people who you know and so you have some degree of relationship to as being in the same class but not necessarily feel very close to them we also differentiate this more substantially when differentiating between primary group and secondary group so primary groups are usually made up of very few members they tend to be 说话人A 29:13 key agents of the socialization processes and the members are non interchangeable the relationships also tend to be more enduring so one example would be the family so your family that tends to there's usually not so many people in your immediate family that you can keep track of them and they tend to be very involved in you're learning how to talk learning how to do this do that and so on and so forth you also can't say i really like Lisa from my class from biology class i don't want my。 说话人A 29:44 sister anymore i'm gonna make Lisa my sister and kick my sister out 说话人A 29:48 that obviously doesn't work you can't interchange one member of a primary group for someone else based on only your own sentiments you could adopt Lisa but that would be a very different type of process in the relationships are enduring in that you can of course you can disown your say your sister so the sister's taking a lot of flak in this class but if you want to disown her it doesn't change the fact that you are still going to be biologically related you're still both biologically connected 说话人A 30:20 the same primary group 说话人A 30:22 Secondary groups tend to be a lot more different than that 说话人A 30:27 one example would be in university it's a lot more impersonal there's probably a lot of people who are supporting our everyday actions in this classroom or let's say in whether or not your classes are your lights working are your toilets working is your laundry room working you probably don't even know all of them even though this is already a relatively small campus we still have a few thousand people 说话人A 30:53 gt gt also has to be more instrumental so what i mean by this is that this university is here for a common purpose the employees are here to get paid students are here to learn and get a degree and faculty are here to teach so there is an instrumental to it and membership is contingent for like our membership in a university is whether or not you are enrolled or employed the second you graduate you are still part of the alumni community but you are no longer a student of the university you are no longer。 说话人A 31:26 in debt 说话人A 31:30 so in secondary groups the roles that exist are more important than the individuals who fill them 说话人A 31:37 unlike say in a family you can't just interchange your mom to someone else's mom 说话人A 31:43 in a university you can change out one professor for another you can change out some of the students in this class and put in more students in we would still be filling the same roles 说话人A 31:58 alright so now very briefly i'll just like you guys to try and apply this to your own situations for a very brief discussion in groups of two or three consider other than your family or friends or marshall what is another group that you belong to is it primary or is it secondary and we'll come back and hear a few answers 说话人A 32:25 基友。朋友。 说话人A 32:47 是。 说话人A 32:58 研究生。 说话人A 33:04 我的研究生。 说话人A 33:09 我的研究生。 说话人A 33:34 so i say affiliation in American sociological association 说话人A 33:43 sociological association so like if you guys do decide to major in sociology you guys can get student membership i'm not getting paid for it so coming back together as a class what are some examples that came up in your discussions 说话人A 34:08 we talked about like sports teams they're more secondary but there's a chance that you could get closer with a few of our teammates and maybe that could lead to more sports programs 说话人A 34:09 great so like it starts out as a secondary group but even with 说话人A 34:13 then secondary groups we can form primary friendship groups 说话人A 34:16 prefer anyone else in their families 说话人A 34:26 professional associations as i was discussing with Nana earlier so like professional associations based on your major based on a specific job that you want thinking about local unions or professional associations for certain academic field those are all examples of secondary groups 说话人A 34:50 examples 说话人A 34:53 like net friends 说话人A 34:55 sorry 说话人A 34:56 the friends you know on the internet the net friends 说话人A 34:59 so net friends internet friends would that count as primary or secondary 说话人A 35:05 i'm not sure about it but i'm think is primary 说话人A 35:11 so like the original connections often like you can start off as secondary because people you're interacting with say on reddit on discord you don't know who they are and often you're not 说话人A 35:27 it's just a chance that they can become part of more important and closer social circles so great example for that 说话人A 35:38 there is also the in-group and the out-group so we briefly discussed this previously as well when we were discussing culture but when it comes to the in-group in sociology we tend to define this as a powerful group which is usually but not always the majority there's also the out-group which is the stigmatized group or the less powerful group this is usually the minority so the in-group is consist of people who are usually considered to be the default considered to be good and normal 说话人A 36:11 often stigmatized to some degree what that what i mean by that is that they may be seen as less than or different fundamentally different in a way that is not good and of course these are based on our societal norms and societal biases 说话人A 36:28 and so either of these groups can really serve as reference groups so these are groups that help us to make sense of or to understand our positions in society if you are race- say within and out group and you've only ever interacted in that community you don't necessarily understand that you are stigmatized until you interact with members 说话人A 36:49 until you see how members of the ingroup are treated in certain contexts say like in a store say like in a school versus how you are treated similarly for the ingroup you may not necessarily understand that you are considered to be part of the majority or considered to be part of the default and of course we're putting that in quotation marks because it's a social construction it's not something you might necessarily understand until you perhaps see a member of the outgroup and how they are treated 说话人A 37:23 so we're not going to go too much into this for now we might come back to this later but a common example that we use for this is college fraternity more specifically we draw on this example of a two thousand and seventeen case where a young man in the south during his sophomore year of college died in a hazing ritual related to the entry rights of a college fraternity and so there was this question because the hazing rights and the injuries that led to his death took place over several hours and。 说话人A 37:54 there were multiple 说话人A 37:57 so there were a lot of other fraternity members or people who hoped to join the fraternity who were present at the scene but none of them called the police none of them called for medical help even though it was clear that this person was in some kind of distress so it was not one of those situations where you can't really tell something is wrong until the first kill is over this person was visibly injured and so that raises the question of like why are people why did those people in this group not call 说话人A 38:28 and part of the reasons that we found was that because they were afraid of losing access to what they perceived as the ingroup and also what we call group norms so social norms that form within a group the expectations for your behavior the attitudes that you're expected to hold those things have a very powerful effect on how people reacted to the things that they were seeing and what they did in response which is not to say that fraternities are necessarily a bad thing there's a way in which fraternities above 说话人A 39:05 and give rise to a lot of structural resources for example fraternity houses sometimes you get to live in a specific house on or off campus and sometimes there are certain online networks and so on and so forth 说话人A 39:24 association of college fraternities in specifically like specifically fraternities and not sororities with what we call rape culture and so this is often referring to like going back a few years or even nowadays in the present where sometimes certain fraternities not all of them but some fraternities develop certain social norms about the objectification of women in other words like how would you construct yourself as being masculine and often that's in relation to how much sex you're having with what 说话人A 39:57 in not only sexual sex but also like say how you're actually having these relationships so often that incentivizes a certain type of relationship in which the feelings and the consent of the women involved does not matter as much which is also why a lot of initiatives in recent years in universities have really stepped up their interventions to kind of reshape these cultural norms within a social group 说话人A 40:28 10670 说话人A 41:00 so like maybe we have some familiarity with this case here does anyone want to give a brief summary of what happened in this case 说话人A 41:11 so to give a brief recap of what happened this is going back to the last century in the nineteen seventies where essentially there was this young woman named Keiko Jones and she was heading home from she was heading home where she was attacked by a man in front of an apartment building so she called for help and she was stabbed during the altercation but though she called for help the man later returned to stab her a second time and she eventually died in the stairwell of the apartment building where she lived so the thing。 说话人A 41:45 about this case is that it was is used as a classic 说话人A 41:50 the bystander effect where the presence of others essentially discourages an individual from intervening in an emergency 说话人A 42:00 the newspaper articles of the case argued that thirty seven people had been witnesses to her murder so the apartment building was full of people a lot of them had heard her screams for help and not done anything about it they didn't call the police they didn't go downstairs to help her and she eventually died in a very tragic manner 说话人A 42:51 or at least that is what was said initially in news article however if we're actually backtracking this it's not necessarily the case so one of the major debates in sociology is this the bystander effect real because we're actually looking at the timeline so while she was attacked twice she was first attacked near the front of the building she later made her way to the back of the building to get away from her attacker where she was attacked a second time so the people who had initially heard her。 说话人A 42:52 and who later saw 说话人A 42:54 to help they're not the same people and so they didn't necessarily know what was going on another important thing is that people did call the police but this is also before we had nine one one there wasn't necessarily an emergency number so not all of them were able to reach the police or to clearly articulate what they were seeing or hearing because they didn't necessarily know exactly what was going on 说话人A 43:21 that being said we have cases that seem to prove that group conformity in the bystander effect is true so there is the two thousand and one case of Wang Yue in China so also known as like little月月 she was essentially a two year old girl we see in that picture over there what happened was that she got away from as toddlers tend to do they run off and you're not looking at them and so she ran off when she was in the street with her mom where she got run over。 说话人A 43:50 by a car and so she did not initially die from getting hit by a car but she lay in the street for about 说话人A 43:58 then about eighteen passersby as well as other cars basically just went around her no one called for help and no one tried to bring her to a hospital after seven minutes she eventually got run over a second time by a truck that couldn't see her in the street because it was a larger truck the driver couldn't see any obstructions in the street and so she was eventually run over a second time 说话人A 44:25 old woman so the old woman that we see over there and like the one that her parents are kneeling down to to thank her who essentially she was very marginalized status in society she essentially picks trash up off the streets and sells that for spare change she saw a little girl lying there and a merchant 说话人A 44:45 too late by then because like a two year old getting run over twice is usually is pretty impossible to recover from and the toddler eventually died and of course this became a very major societal controversy because we have all these people who were passing by this kid and no one actually did anything to help people were ignoring a little toddler laying out in the middle of the street without caring like whether or not she's going to get run over a second time 说话人A 45:18 this was also rooted within a certain societal context so there's actually a legal precedent that made a lot of people unwilling to help or very of helping where a few years before this there was essentially a case where a college student helped an old woman who had fallen down or was an old man but an elderly person who had fallen down and so after helping that person up they were then essentially sued for having pushed that person and of course the student argued that they had only been trying to be a good Samaritan 说话人A 45:54 China did not have legal protections for good Samaritan behavior in China yet but the judge essentially argued if you didn't push that person then why did you help them 说话人A 46:05 there was an argument here that was being made that if you are helping you have some legal liability which is also why in this case where it was very likely a child would die meaning severe criminal punishment and a lot of hate and suing from parents a lot of people didn't want to get involved that you could be on the line for the rest of your life for trying to be a good person 说话人A 46:29 which also led into why no one wanted to help until eventually this old woman stepped in and so she was not sued because again this was a very rare case in which such a legal precedent happened but the fact that it happened and that it became a great social controversy so everyone knew about this case really shaped how people then reacted but after this case there was a lot of pushion society to enact better protections for helping people even if like 说话人A 46:59 burned involved in causing harm in the first place and to end on a slightly brighter note we've actually looked at the bystander effect in laboratories versus real world effects and we find that in laboratories sometimes people aren't helping because they don't know what the experiment is about and they're worried they're Gonna ruin your experiment in the real world a twenty nineteen study in the Netherlands looked at cctv footage from across Europe and also North America by Mary Wilson 说话人A 47:33 yes under the circumstances think about this if something actually goes wrong in a public place yes people are gonna run away but also people are going to help so both things are something that needs to be going hand in hand and whether or not say like perpetrator is armed whether or not they have a gun 说话人A 47:55 try to help and contribute and that in times of emergency people tend to help one another when their life is at stake so this scientific fact real or not it's still something that we're continuing to debate and so i hope you guys have a great weekend and the midterm exam is due on monday