说话人A 00:01 set the baseline for future topics that we're going to be talking about so the o- a quick overview of what we'll be talking about for the rest of this week we're going to be focusing on four major questions the first one is what is culture as well as how different cultural elements influence our lives and how to classify those types relates to different cultural variations as well as how do we understand what we call cultural capital so we may recall our last class we talked about capitalism and how Marx。 说话人A 00:32 was looking 说话人A 00:33 social classes between who owns capital for the means of production and who does not so here when we're talking about cultural capital we're kind of talking about something a little different and we'll get more into that later on first to get into the reading of it so how do folks feel about the reading thumbs up thumbs down some sideways thumbs how did we feel was it something that felt like it made sense to us and ideas that we had encountered before or maybe kind of 说话人A 01:08 somewhere in the middle range so i want to give you guys kind of a few minutes to talk amongst yourselves and try to make sense of the concepts that came up in the videos so we're gonna be talking about three major questions 说话人A 01:26 and collective action and then move on into talking about how do people create culture especially when you're faced with new and unprecedented situations and finally what examples can you do for both of for both questions so let you guys talk about this in groups of two to three or maybe four depending on the seating arrangements and then we will get back together as a group and hear from two of you 说话人A 01:56 你同桌，那个人也没有。 说话人A 02:07 see you 说话人A 02:08 i wrote something about how like social just like explained wait what did i write 说话人B 02:32 服务区要没电了。 说话人B 02:34 没充电呢。 说话人B 02:36 嗯，我有，但这儿没插座。 说话人A 02:42 看看我的AI翻译。 说话人B 02:46 可以可以，这个翻译很不错。 说话人B 02:50 我发信息给他。 说话人B 02:58 我看看他讲了啥。 说话人B 03:14 这节课不是有4个中文吗？ 说话人B 03:15 现在就俩。 说话人B 03:17 这节课不是有4个中文吗？ 说话人B 03:26 一二然后上l。 说话人B 03:28 你座位还坐了一个大哥，现在不在。 说话人B 03:31 大哥老翘。他翘课，他又不是退课。 说话人B 03:48 通过文化把他们给分层。 说话人B 03:53 哦，就是我记得我之前看过，就是说有些人他们是，比如说干一样的事情，所以分在一起。 说话人B 03:58 有些人是他们有一样的文化，所以在一起。 说话人B 04:00 对。 说话人B 04:09 那你这个也挺高级的。是哪个？ 说话人B 04:13 cost，用那个5.6。 说话人B 04:15 哦，我也是，现在用pass。 说话人B 04:18 这20刀花的值。 说话人B 04:20 这在哪看？ 说话人B 04:23 你说这个文章？书上啊，我我有电子书。 说话人B 04:27 哦，能发我吗？ 说话人B 04:29 这个没法发，这是在图书馆里。 说话人B 04:31 你要的话，我可以把它复制下来，粘到文档里发给你。 说话人B 04:34 可以可以可以，谢谢你，这玩意怎么做的？ 说话人B 04:36 你要reading史吗？ 说话人B 04:37 行。 说话人B 04:43 我直接把翻译。 说话人A 04:44 完的发给你。 说话人A 04:46 ok。 说话人A 04:51 so what are some of the things that came up in our discussions relative to the questions or any examples that we can think of 说话人A 05:02 like people that share like beliefs or like share common values and they like for example like people want to like protect the environment for a certain like area they'll protest like a collect collective amount of people will protest 说话人A 05:21 so that's a great example of how like collective action can lead to 说话人A 05:26 which often also have a culture of their own 说话人A 05:29 and we can also see this for more recreational events such as sports and so on and so forth as well 说话人A 05:34 so then when us want to add to that or to 说话人A 05:44 for the first or second question or any examples 说话人A 05:48 for the second one people create culture by developing like new traditions behaviors and so forth 说话人A 05:55 great so like people will create culture that creates new situations by developing these new traditions and these new symbols that often then help to reinforce these beliefs so can anyone think of an example of this 说话人A 06:23 one example might be like say we're looking at what we were talking about in the theory class like how did the six seven mean become a thing on social media that would be an example of how like that's something that is new is unprecedented and it's a way in which we see increasingly in what we call like the digital era culture is being shaped in different ways compared to back when people could only rely on certain forms of public broadcasts such as the tv television or the radio where ordinary everyday folk didn't really have。 说话人A 06:54 that much input 说话人A 06:55 not everyone could just go on the radio and share these traditions so it took a lot slower time and it was usually a lot more regionally bound for various trends to come up so as we are thinking about these questions let's keep these questions in mind as we talk a little bit about culture in sociology so thinking about culture one of the major questions in sociology is really what is culture and it can be something that is very difficult to define so what are some of the things that we think。 说话人A 07:30 about when we're talking 说话人A 07:31 like this culture or whatever other culture American culture polish culture so on and so forth what things come to mind first 说话人A 07:38 social norms 说话人A 07:39 social norms so like do you kiss each other on the cheek when you greet each other or shake your hands so things like that right 说话人A 07:45 yes 说话人A 07:46 great what else 说话人B 07:49 belief 说话人B 07:50 Belief great so that. 说话人A 07:51 Could be like religious beliefs or cultural beliefs such as like how do we look into certain things superstitions that we hold as well as just the things that guide how we look at the world. 说话人A 08:05 symbols 说话人A 08:06 symbols great great so like certain symbols can have different meanings across different cultures and we also see this in religion as well there's a distinction between what we call the sacred and the profane so essentially some items depend some items times of the day so on and so forth can be sacred in one culture and be perfectly ordinary in another great what else comes to mind 说话人A 08:34 people who follow a religion or a character 说话人A 08:44 great so a sense of collective belonging right so that is like also one of one sociologists Benedict Anderson might argue is a form of imagined community where essentially the members of the community they all have a similar consciousness as to which group they belong to which then shapes how they think about themselves and how they act so these are great examples and often when we're looking at sociology we are looking at all of the above however when we're talking about a definition often we will say something along the lines。 说话人A 09:16 of the symbols beliefs and values that then are ritualized within a certain group 说话人A 09:55 or within a certain society that being said there is a whole lot of different ways in sociology that we tend to look at culture and it's often defined by some key tensions in understanding how culture operates so that includes the tension between high culture and popular culture between material culture and symbolic culture as well as what we call culture as values versus cultures as activity we're going to go more into each of the above as we continue throughout this class 说话人A 10:31 one major thing to keep in mind is that we consider culture as socially constructed and what do we mean by that basically like everything else that we view in society it's not something that you just are born with this like it's not something that we consider to be so ingrained in our blood but rather something that we are socialized into so it's essentially a view that life through our culturally tinted lens is what essentially shapes our version of reality so our beliefs are still the things that we view as symbols our values our traditions。 说话人A 11:05 that will often shape how we view the world around us and how we interact with that world often in a way that reinforces our preexisting beliefs so sociologists argue that why do we need culture it's something that keeps us grounded and it also offers social cohesion so it allows a society to essentially work together so if someone sneezes in this class right now probably they'll get at least one or two bless yous and that's an example of like how people in a given society come to share a certain set of norms that。 说话人A 11:08 then uphold the continued operation of that society 说话人A 11:11 one example about how this can differ across cultures as an example of how culture is socially constructed based on the material environment and also based on differing cultural beliefs so thinking about funerals so what are funerals usually like what do people usually act like when they go to funerals 说话人A 11:35 yes they're sad 说话人A 11:36 yes they're sad 说话人A 11:37 great that was good 说话人A 11:39 no 说话人A 11:40 all right 说话人A 11:43 so what else do we generally comes to mind what are the common things that we think of when we think of funeral 说话人A 11:50 people are perspective or quiet so quiet respectful behavior you're expected to have a certain somber attitude right and generally there might be a casket people might offer flowers and like people will generally wear black right black outfits to express their symbols of morning and that's generally what aligns with our view of what a funeral often looks like in the contemporary western society so do you folks want to take a guess at what this is 说话人A 12:25 这也是棺，这也是棺材。 说话人A 12:27 yes so does anyone familiar with which culture is this from 说话人A 12:32 mexico 说话人A 12:34 what we're looking at here is the main feature of funeral culture so in Ghana often what we see is that funerals are seen as a celebration of the person's life as well as their achievements what they wanted to do their dreams their hobbies and so on and so forth so while there is often also mourning but it's often treated as these large social events it's common for people to spend more on funeral than they do on a wedding and people might even put up giant billboards on the。 说话人A 13:03 side of the road 说话人A 13:03 to announce like who who whose funeral is going to be on what and what time and where so that everyone who knows this person can know where to go to the funeral so you can have a queue of funerals upwards gathering of like 说话人A 13:24 similar to the caskets this is very different from like the somber kind of casket that we're often familiar with 说话人A 13:34 baskets that are tailored to what a person's favorite items are like this person might have really like spicy food 说话人A 13:37 can't see the basket as an option 说话人A 14:03 and then look looking at south korea so another example of how essentially funeral customs are socially constructed and that they can change a lot over time so traditionally South Korea followed confucian traditions for funeral customs what this meant was there were often elaborate mourning rites that took up to like from three to seven days and not longer 说话人A 14:35 and there were a lot of specifications about how you could bury someone like where you're choosing the grave what the grave looks like and burials in the earth were the most common form of funeral practice however what we see is that by two thousand year two thousand in south Korea the number of Cremations the percentage of Cremations as funeral customs had gone up to thirty five percent so previously this would have been unthinkable based on traditional cultures it would have been seen as almost a form of desecration 说话人A 15:10 the percentage of cremations relative to earth burials had gone up to ninety four percent of the total amount of funerals taking place in south Korea and so part of this is because of material constraints so South Korea is a very densely populated area and there's isn't really all that much land for people to be burying everyone who dies and so cremations become increasingly accepted in the popular consciousness and increasingly the only feasible option so that's how we see that the 说话人A 15:47 funeral culture has also changed pretty significantly over time and we can kind of look at this through the lens of the previous tension that we were talking about material culture versus symbolic culture so this is going back to emile Durkheim structural functionalist and he would essentially argue that sets of symbolic culture are what creates social cohesion when we're thinking about material culture that could include the physical casket itself that we were just looking at or the cremation the permanent urn and so on and so forth across different cultures 说话人A 15:48 but the symbolic culture could be what symbols what beliefs and values we associate with certain with certain acts with certain means of doing things and certain material items and so often what we have are what we call bundles of culture where material and symbolic culture comes together to form these larger bundles of meaning for social communication do we have any questions so far 说话人A 16:15 it's so the material culture is something that's like all 说话人A 16:47 但是我能感觉到上。 说话人A 16:49 物质文化，right？ 说话人A 16:53 that we assign to it like why is it more expensive or why is it trending that would be the symbolic culture so in this case like we're going back uh going back a bit like the casquette itself might be the material culture but the what are we assigning when we're looking at this item itself that's often the symbolic culture 说话人A 17:12 but also we can look here like say the physical items the pottery that would be the material culture so often like a physical object right so something that you can see hold use versus like say music so like what certain meanings are ascribed to certain songs and maybe this is a 说话人A 17:30 maybe that is a morning song but there's no actual material item attached to it so like symbolic culture can include so that's why it can be a little confusing symbolic culture can encompass material items but it often also encompasses nonmaterial items 说话人A 17:50 if anyone has any further clarification questions please do bring them up because it's also a great chance for us to discuss a little bit more in depth what these concepts really look like in action so now just looking at a few examples so what is this what is this item that is being represented here so a labubu what is a labubu what is a labubu 说话人A 18:19 这是一个盲盒。 说话人A 18:20 where do we commonly see it use 说话人A 18:22 一个IP。 说话人A 18:24 你也有？ 说话人A 18:25 对。 说话人A 18:27 my little cousin like she like puts it around like her backpack。 说话人A 18:31 嗯。 说话人A 18:36 like a collection item and so like these are let's be honest these are not very expensive to make but like a limited edition of the balls can sell for upwards of two hundred dollars 说话人A 18:47 and so that's an example of material culture the item itself is just a material object right it's just this small little ball but there's certain meanings that we then associate with it that changes how we interact with it like do we put it on our bag do we put it in a collector case like some people how some people collect Adidas shoes and so on and so forth versus like how much value are we placing on it what is the monetary value 说话人A 19:14 and the cultural value that we are assigning to this object we might associate it with like a younger demographic we might associate it with like sometimes it can be ridiculously overpriced so those are often things that we can look at when we're thinking about material culture and similarly we can apply that to like water bottles do you drink Dasani do you prefer like Poland Springs and why does it matter so which brand is this 说话人A 19:45 thank you thank you very much 说话人A 19:51 the symbol right we have the check mark but what makes this check mark different than say on grading your test and i'm like yeah you got the right answer 说话人A 20:04 so there's a certain color that is specifically associated with Nike and also like the logo so sorry not the logo the slogan so the combination of the logo as well as the slogan of just do it the words Nike are not appearing on here but there's a way by just looking at this we know exactly what it's been talking about and that's an example of symbolic culture we come to as a society to develop these shared symbols that we can know the meaning of even though i say if we randomly grab a person from。 说话人A 20:37 the nineteenth century plop them into this class and ask them what is this 说话人A 20:43 talking about 说话人A 20:44 so there's a way in which social etiquette is being shaped by our common understandings of these symbols and how we use them and how we interpret them and what things we associate 说话人A 21:01 elements of culture so this can include like social norms so what is appropriate behavior for a situation an example we previously mentioned is like if you get into an elevator the last person to get on the elevator with you in a crowded elevator instead of turning to face the door they just start making eye contact with everyone else in the elevator while facing the inside that would probably be considered somewhat weird somewhat strange and that would also show us what is the appropriate behavior for a situation that would be。 说话人A 21:34 an example of a social norm that we don't notice 说话人A 21:37 until it is in violation similarly there's beliefs so these are what we deem to be true so different cultures may have different things that they deem to be true some cultures may value religion more some cultures may value scientific expertise more as well as values so things that are important to our society do we consider like protecting the poor protecting children to be more important values or do we value certain things such as like productivity of the entire economic society and the collective good over like whether or not。 说话人A 22:12 like this or that individual person is doing okay 说话人A 22:16 similarly there are symbols so looking at Nike right so this is anything that has a shared meaning that we can understand just by looking at what is placed before us even when the object itself or the brand itself or whatever other thing it is representing is not present and finally there is language so like how do we think about things how do we talk about them can also shape the language that we use to think about things and to make sense of our experiences and this is essentially what allows for complex meaning 说话人A 22:54 so now just looking at this image what are some things that this reflects about our culture like thinking back to say like values social norms beliefs symbols what is being reflected here 说话人A 23:08 yes our society has a history of smoking so she's more likely to think it's OK and be comfortable with it 说话人A 23:15 mm hmm so like the fact that it's tied to our social norms and like how we have like a history of smoking in public places and private places 说话人A 23:25 smoking is quite common for parents to just smoke in the same close room as their children 说话人A 23:31 what else 说话人A 23:34 the fact that she's covering her face smoking at the cigarette shows that social norm is similar to like cigarettes are bad 说话人A 23:44 great so that's another social norm that we're seeing and also a belief right a belief what we think to be true is that she probably believes in scientific evidence that smoking is bad for you 说话人A 23:57 so like in some places where it's not as common when you see a child smoking you're like 说话人A 24:07 ok so that reflects like values right things that are important to our society so we have the value of like protecting the health of children that adults have a certain responsibility regardless of their own habits to protect the wellbeing of children around them so like for example like not actually smoking it or raising the cigarette high above so that the secondhand smoke is kind of above the head of the kid 说话人A 24:33 and what else 说话人A 24:34 yes 说话人A 24:34 i think it also reflects how our culture has changed because 说话人A 24:39 decades ago it was like acceptable smoking was actually recommended but then over time like the view of smoking became negative 说话人A 24:51 so that's a great example of how the social construction of meanings of beliefs and values are changing over time the norm of it's fine to smoke wherever people used to smoke on planes and now you would get a federal felony if you are smoking on a plane or disabling a smoke detector so that's a great example of how these things 说话人A 25:11 they're not necessarily inherent they're things that can be socially changed over time so now i'd like you guys to go to canvas where we have this link called the dialect quiz essentially it's looking at the common figures of speech that you use and it will tell you like which region of the United States tends to use this figure of speech so i'd like you guys to take the quiz and discuss the results in small groups of four people 说话人B 25:53 找到了。 说话人B 25:54 有了。 说话人B 26:08 手机还不能看。 说话人B 26:41 你， 说话人B 26:41 你有没有什么，麻烦，访问，或者，提取你的， 说话人B 27:03 是。 说话人A 28:46 嗯。 说话人A 30:53 all right folks how are we doing thumbs up if you've done the quiz thumbs down if you need a little more time 说话人A 30:59 alright another minute or two and then you guys can start talking in small groups about the results 说话人A 32:30 so in your small groups thinking about the heat maps did the heat maps align with where you think your dialect belongs to where you think your forms of speech line with 说话人B 32:46 纽约。 说话人B 32:48 嗯。 说话人B 32:48 说我是纽约人。 说话人B 32:50 可以的，我都不知道这些问题。 说话人B 32:57 我也有很多不知道。 说话人B 33:01 我是哪里的人呢？ 说话人B 33:11 等会，这咋看我是哪里人？ 说话人B 33:14 嗯，Rochester吧，应该是Rochester或者Buffalo。我们往下走，往下走。 说话人B 33:23 再一点点。 说话人B 33:30 奇怪了，你好像有3个路。 说话人B 33:32 我什么路都不是，好吧？ 说话人B 33:34 我就，哦，我，纽约或者扬基，洋基或者 Jersey。 说话人B 33:42 嗯，那我是 Rochester。 说话人B 33:43 你就是 Rochester，Buffalo，底特律。 说话人B 33:47 我是中国路。 说话人B 33:48 你是中国人？ 说话人B 33:49 对。 说话人B 33:50 我是洋鬼。 说话人B 33:52 哦。 说话人A 34:42 all right guys so raise your hand if the results actually aligned with where you're from so we have like it's got a pretty high accuracy rate right and so like we're gonna see results that surprised you and you selected something and the heat map showed something different than what you were expecting 说话人A 34:47 um it did have like 说话人A 34:56 i'm actually from but there was also there was also a lot of influence in indiana which is like not at all 说话人A 35:16 so it's got like sometimes there's regional distributions that might not make sense to us 说话人A 35:20 yeah well i'm from north carolina and they said that i'm from like georgia 说话人A 35:27 Texas。 说话人A 35:27 嗯。 说话人A 35:28 i guess it's the south so it's kind of similar。 说话人A 35:31 so there's a way in which like they are kind of going off based on the averages right so that might not necessarily reflect variations within a state or within a region in some cases 说话人A 35:42 我想抽烟。 说话人A 35:43 嗯。 说话人A 35:44 were there any like terms or ways to call things that you have never heard of before 说话人A 35:55 i've never heard anybody like prefer their life before halloween 说话人A 35:58 yeah neither 说话人A 36:00 mission mission mission is mission mission 说话人A 36:03 so like there the mission and so there's definitely things that maybe are based on different demographic groups because like maybe like if it's there also if you wanted to do a proper survey they would also look at like different age groups so like people who might not necessarily be on the internet and so on and so forth 说话人A 36:27 just says that it says i'm from Boston but it says i call brother soul 说话人A 36:37 好潮流。 说话人A 36:38 well i'm from New Jersey but it also says New Jersey right after that and says the same thing 说话人A 36:45 so like there's some degree of accuracy but also some 说话人A 36:48 northeast so 说话人A 36:49 northeast yeah so maybe more regional accuracy 说话人A 36:53 yeah told me i'm from Boston Massachusetts which i'm from Massachusetts but not at Boston 说话人A 37:04 so great point also about like what is being prioritized when you're looking at popular versus elite cultures so instead of maybe referring to the whole region maybe it's a focus on certain things and others 说话人A 37:21 all right guys now moving on to high culture versus popular culture so looking at dialects dialects can also be an example of popular culture versus like how do we think about high culture so maybe like what kinds of formal speech 说话人A 37:38 to use in certain contexts so this can often be a pretty big difference between things that we consider to be generally belong to the upper class to the upper middle class that have a certain degree of cultural affluence rather than like popular things so maybe like perfume and stuff like that so when we think about high culture what are some things that come to mind 说话人A 38:05 probably ballet maybe opera and like orchestras and so on and so forth versus popular culture so pop culture is something that we're probably more familiar with in our day to day lives and here we have a graph looking at high culture arts engagement by income so if we're looking at the us population by family income versus the percentage of households that are going to like so called high culture events we see that the distribution 说话人A 38:36 disproportionately 说话人A 38:39 150k or over they tend to make up a disproportionate amount of people who are participating in the high arts similar for other like people who are households who are earning well above the median or average household income so there is a way in which high art high culture arts engagement so things such as like ballet classical or jazz music going to art 说话人A 39:39 going to opera or going to a musical or a play the way these things are they have a certain class concept to them so there's a certain like contextualization where we associate the high arts generally with upper income or upper class families of course that's not necessarily the only way to look at this but if we're looking at high culture consumption we can see that for most cultural events that we consider to be part of high culture 说话人A 40:11 in consumption from two thousand and two to two thousand and seventeen this is particularly obvious for looking at classical music Jazz music and nonmusical plays this does not seem to hold true for non ballet dance performances which could be like contemporary dance groups or like street dancers and so on and so forth but there's definitely what we can see like the overall decline so part of this might just be that people are earning less so there are fewer upper income households in the united states 说话人A 40:47 also like what is considered what popular culture is actually engaging so we can see looking at the super bowl viewership we can see that if we're going overtime in terms of the viewers in millions then the super bowl engagement or what we call popular culture engagement has gone all the way up over time so by the twenty twenties we had like well over a hundred and ten million viewers per super bowl event versus like if we're going all the way back to the two thousands there was still a relatively smaller number of people。 说话人A 40:48 who were watching the super bowl 说话人A 40:50 so what we can see is that across different sectors of society popular culture engagement is actually going up there's a question of like in an age of internet in the age of like a digital society are we also seeing that the move towards a global culture there's a way in which certain tv shows artists musicians they are like things that we can see across different parts of the world and so like we're looking at global trending charts the same pop songs 说话人A 41:23 but what we're actually finding in sociological research is that the rise of the internet is actually entrenched certain cultural beliefs and practices more firmly than if than in the pre internet age 说话人A 41:37 yes so six up 说话人A 41:41 so that's the Japanese words for six and seven 说话人A 41:49 喜欢的视频，are like。 说话人A 41:51 你知道，cross culture。 说话人A 41:56 look at culture as values versus culture as ways of being so what do we mean by that one way that we can look at culture is by seeing it as a unified system of values so that can include your moral beliefs the things that you hold to be true as well as norms or beliefs that drive our behavior and this is way in which culture can remain stable or that it can change over time certain practices may be a lot more enduring than others so like smoking in public places especially。 说话人A 42:29 around young children 说话人A 42:30 no longer viewed as acceptable versus like some other things like saying bless you may still remain very prevalent across different decades so there's a way in which our values or culture as values versus our norms or culture as a way of being are kind of intentional with one another some things can be enduring for reasons that we don't necessarily understand at first glance while other things can change in the blink of an eye 说话人A 43:00 so by looking at culture as a way of being one example we can look at is code-switching so code-switching is generally a concept that was proposed by antoine转到。 说话人A 43:11 of the cultural toolkit so we learn to use different values beliefs different norms different language and different settings so does that is anyone familiar with like code switching across different contexts 说话人A 43:36 for the same thing same way with your sister 说话人A 43:39 yeah 说话人A 43:39 or like someone is sick because under this culture you know not so 说话人A 43:52 宗教。 说话人A 43:54 所以，like across，当我们在与不同的人互动，当我们在不同的领域互动，你可能会在教室里表现不同，而在俱乐部表现不同。 说话人A 44:05 你可能会和你的同学谈论不同的事情，而不是和你的牧师，或者和你的父母，或者和你女朋友的父母谈论不同的事情。 说话人A 44:12 你会呈现出不同的一面。 说话人A 44:15 这就是一个例子。 说话人A 44:17 我们也看到这在很多移民社区和少数民族社区中。 说话人A 44:21 所以一个例子就是非裔美国人的语法英语，一种非常口语化的说话方式。 说话人A 44:55 come like African American individuals but they may choose to speak differently use the mainstream dialect or we consider to be like proper English i'm saying this implication marks because that can vary a lot across different regions and contexts in order to gain to avoid being discriminated against or avoid stigmatization in settings such as in education when interacting with government institutions and healthcare settings and so on and so forth 说话人A 45:07 and stefler argues that we hot glue so to speak through the different cultures languages and parts of our identities so sometimes being like a very 说话人A 45:39 religious person might be the front that you want to present to a certain community another times like maybe presenting a more like alternative cultural side of you is more viable for interacting with a different group so i do not think we have time for this so very quickly i'm just going to talk about another example when we're thinking about culture as values so Oscar Lewis who we see over here he conducted a study in the nineteen sixties about impoverished families 说话人A 46:13 Mexico and Puerto Rico and he argues that people in poverty because of the material circumstances that they are in they will develop certain shared values and norms to survive essentially their circumstances he argued that this included not having a very strong sense of the future so not thinking ahead as well as like less long term thinking and more like short term enjoyment and so on and so forth and so this was often what he found this so called culture of poverty was often used in many political 说话人A 46:19 bates to argue against protective policies and welfare policies for impoverished families 说话人A 46:34 Oscar Lewis was actually against this he argued that he was only looking at his one piece of two specific contexts and he was not trying to create an applicable theory that you can apply to pretty much all impoverished populations around the world 说话人A 46:49 but looking at the cultural explanations of poverty often it's attributed to this so called culture of poverty when we're looking at like child welfare it many people might argue that it's primarily a problem that 说话人A 47:01 or that the poor have certain values that they feel like they deserve handouts or that they deserve government assistance or that they just don't have a culture of working hard 说话人A 47:23 and so Oscar Lewis as well as most sociologists would argue that this is often only looking at code the cultural values that have emerged in a very specific context and that often would change if the external circumstances also changed and so this might be completely ignoring larger context such as like de-industrialization 说话人A 47:55 globalization things that move jobs and resources away from certain communities and that leave them basically in pain and dislurch and so that can completely change the ways that certain norms are shaped which we have talked about over the course of this class how that can change over time and across different context so these are some things that i like us the different tensions between high and popular culture between material and symbolic culture and between culture as values versus culture as a way of being 说话人A 48:22 so like culture's values would be more prescriptive deciding that this is something that does not really change this is just the values that you hold the values that you believe in versus culture as a way of being would argue that it's largely shaped by your external circumstances we actively choose the best mechanisms to adapt and survive in our current environments so do we have any questions about these three major tensions when we're looking at culture 说话人A 48:28 alright so that's it for today i'll see you guys on Friday where we will come back to discuss cycles of culture